Variable immune molecules in invertebrates

Variable immune molecules in invertebrates.

Recently it has become evident that invertebrates may mount a highly variable immune response that is dependent on which pathogen is involved. The molecular mechanisms behind this diversity are beginning to be unravelled and in several invertebrate taxa immune proteins exhibiting a broad range of diversity have been found. In some cases, evidence has been gathered suggesting that this molecular...

Immunotoxicology in Marine Invertebrates: Effects of Manganese on Immune Response

Manganese, Mn, is an abundant element in nature, particularly in soft bottom sediments of the oceans and in bedrock. The metal is predominantly bound to the sediment in the colloid state, MnO2. Eutrophication caused by the high nutrient load in coastal waters together with over-fishing cause cascade effects in the ecosystem increasing the algal blooms and enhancement of hypoxic condition over l...

IVIG Anaphylaxis in a patient with Common variable immune deficiency disease (CVID).

Common variable immune deficiency disease (CVID) is one of the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders. It causes reduction of immunoglobulin levels and specific antibodies production and enhancement of recurrent and chronic infections risk, especially respiratory infections and gastrointestinal tracts. Here, we report a case of CVID in a 3 years old male with recurrent hospitalizations ...

Highly Variable Immune-Response Proteins

Zoology: Invertebrates that Parasitize Invertebrates

The genome of an orthonectid, a group of highly modified parasitic invertebrates, is drastically reduced and compact, yet it shows the bilaterian gene toolkit. Phylogenetic analyses place the enigmatic orthonectids within Spiralia, although their exact placement remains uncertain.